Minor Variant of Hebrews 2:9

New article:

Clivaz, Claire. “The Minor Variant of Hebrews 2.9, with Mark 15.34 and Psalm 22.2.” New Testament Studies 70 (2024): 291–306.

Abstract

This article explores the relationship of a minor variant in Hebrews 2.9 – Jesus dead ‘apart from God’ (χωρὶς θɛοῦ) – with the minor variant of Mark 15.34 and more broadly with Psalm 22.2, as suggested by Harnack, Michel, Zuntz, Elliott, Ehrman and Rodgers. First, it highlights new elements in the file of the evidence of Heb 2.9 and compares it with the case of Mark 15.34. Secondly, it demonstrates that paying attention to the minor variants of Heb 2.9 and Mark 15.34 allows one to grasp better the diversity of Jewish and early Christian readings of Ps 22.2 or Ps 21.2 LXX: these readings provide a plausible context to explain the emergence of these two minor variants.

 

Majority World Perspectives on Hebrews

This book has recently been published. I expect I'll pick up a copy at SBL:

 

Abebe, Sofanit T., Elizabeth W. Mburu, and Abeneazer G. Urga, eds. Reading Hebrews and 1 Peter from Majority World Perspectives. (Bloomsbury  T&T Clark). 

 

Description from the website:

 

The contributors to this volume offer a bold re-reading of Hebrews and 1 Peter from the perspective of the Global South. The chapters provide enriching new hermeneutical and theological insights, revealing facets of the text that may not at first be apparent to readers within a Eurocentric context.

The volume is thus able to explore topics ranging from the authorship of Hebrews in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition and the Batak reading of Christus Victor, to a Xhosa perception of the solidarity and sacrifice of Jesus, and intercultural readings of Christian identity in the context of persecution. With an introduction and final response by scholars from the Global North, this volume encourages awareness of how the Global South contributes to world Christianity.

A Theology of Hebrews

I just picked up a copy of this book, which I should make mention of:

Johnson, Dennis E. Perfect Priest for Weary Pilgrims: A Theology of Hebrews. Crossway.

Description from the website:

An Introduction to the Biblical Theology of Hebrews

The book of Hebrews can be intimidating for modern-day Christians due to its connection to Old Testament text. However, once understood, this New Testament epistle offers great insights into the superiority and sufficiency of Jesus—rightly justifying his place as high priest. 

In this addition to the New Testament Theology series, scholar Dennis E. Johnson highlights the main biblical-theological themes of Hebrews. Johnson explores how Jesus fulfills perfect priesthood by becoming the covenant mediator and the trailblazer who leads his people into a better inheritance. Hebrews calls Christian believers, both of the early church and today, to hold fast to their faith even when faced with persecution and exclusion. It reminds us to cling to the eternal Son who offered his body and blood as the everlasting sacrifice for our sin.

• Ideal for Anyone Wanting to Study the Bible More Deeply: Perfect for pastors, seminarians, college students, and laypeople
• Helpful Bible Study Resource: A great companion to commentaries on Hebrews 
• Part of the New Testament Theology Series: Other volumes include Ministry in the New Realm and Hidden with Christ in God

Review Essay: On Earth as It Is in Heaven?

Review Essay: On Earth as It Is in Heaven?

Katie Macar with response from Philip Church.

 

Katie Marcar interacts with Philip Church’s view of the Temple in the Letter to the Hebrews.

 

 

Textual Reserach on Hebrews

Apparently this book is out now:

 

Gäbel, Georg, Geigenfeind, Matthias, and Müller, Darius. Textforschung zu Septuaginta, Hebräerbrief und Apokalypse: Die Relevanz von Textkritik für die Erforschung des frühen Judentums, des Neuen Testaments und des frühen Christentums Festschrift für Martin Karrer zum 70. Geburtstag. De Gruyter, 2024.

Translation of the blurb:
"For years, Martin Karrer's academic work has focused on textual criticism of the Septuagint, the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Apocalypse. Companions and colleagues have submitted articles on the textual history and reception of these writings or group of writings to honor him on his 70th birthday. 

 

The collection provides an insight into the diversity of today's textual research and its relevance for research into early Judaism, the New Testament and early Christianity. 

 

The articles deal with the reception of LXX quotations in New Testament writings and in the works of church writers, as well as with the textual history and interpretation of the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Apocalypse of John and the Gospel of John, as well as with individual manuscripts of apocryphal texts. 

 

It deals with papyrological and codicological aspects, paratextual elements and illustrations in manuscripts, patristic texts and catena, early versions (Latin, Sahidic, Arabic), late antique and early medieval commentaries and questions of canon history. 

 

The textual tradition and its carriers are viewed as witnesses to a diverse, living history."

Philo and Hebrews on the Concept of the Spiritualization of the Cult

I just came across this article:

 

Botica, Aurelian. “Philo of Alexandria and the Epistle to the Hebrews on the Concept of the Spiritualization of the Cult.” Perichoresis 21, Supplement 1 (2023): 40–66. 

Abstract:

"The Epistle to the Hebrews contains one of the most unique Greek lexicology and syntax of all the New Testament writings. Behind syntax, however, there lies a very profound theological vision on topics such as Christ, Temple, holiness, perseverance, and salvation. While studying Hebrews against the background of Graeco-Roman culture, the source most contemporary scholars mention as being closest to the world of Hebrews in this context is Philo of Alexandria. Not only on philological grounds, but also in matters of methods of interpreting the Old Testament cult and in theology, Hebrews and Philo share a very common background. Analyzing the Epistle to the Hebrews comparatively, we are bound to ask whether or not comparisons such as these are warranted. In the following study, we will state the state of the problem and then examine the two sources that seem to have served as a source of inspiration for the author of Hebrews: the Old Testament and Philo of Alexandria. We will focus exclusively on the issues of the method of allegory and the spiritualization/reinterpretation of Old Testament cultic entities since both Philo and Hebrews are characterized by these concerns. In essence, we will want to know who or what served as the most plausible source of inspiration for the author of Hebrews in the particular area of the reinterpretation of the Old Testament cult."

 

I will add it to the articles page .

The Spatiotemporal Eschatology of Hebrews

New book published:

 

Luke Woo. The Spatiotemporal Eschatology of Hebrews: Priestly Participation in the Heavenly Tabernacle. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.

Description:

There are two coexisting realities classified under New Testament eschatology: the temporal and spatial. While much scholarly attention has focused on the temporal, Luke Woo argues that the spatial aspect is either neglected or relegated to Platonic or cosmological categories. Woo thus seeks to provide a holistic understanding, by investigating these realities for believers under the heavenly tabernacle motif in the Epistle to the Hebrews.

Woo posits that the author of Hebrews presents the heavenly tabernacle and all its high priestly activity in order to eschatologically situate, orient, and ground believers; thus enabling believers to actualize their heavenly, priestly identity by serving as priests on earth. Woo uses Edward Soja's Tripartite Critical Spatiality to analyze the heavenly tabernacle's Firstspace, Secondspace, and Thirdspace features found in Hebrews 4:14; 8:1–5; 9:1–14. He suggests that Christ, in his resurrection and ascension, enters an actualized, heavenly tabernacle, which allows believers to spiritually occupy that sanctuary space in the presence of God, establishing a spatial orientation for believers who can identify as heavenly priests and be motivated to serve as such as they live on earth. 

The True Tabernacle of Hebrews 8:2

New article:

Church, Philip. “ ‘The True Tabernacle’ of Hebrews 8:2: A Response to Nicholas J. Moore." Tyndale Bulletin 75 (20204): 1–30.

Abstract
Does Hebrews 8:5 claim that Israel’s earthly sanctuaries are ‘shadowy copies’ of a heavenly sanctuary, or do these sanctuaries anticipate an eschatological sanctuary where God will dwell with his people, as I have argued? Nicholas J. Moore has critiqued my reading of this verse on the grounds that reading the expression ὑπόδειγμα καὶ σκιά as ‘copy and shadow’ is lexically permissible, that the idea that Israel’s earthly sanctuaries are copies of the heavenly sanctuary is widespread in the Second Temple period, and that my reading involves an awkward switch between temple and tabernacle in Hebrews 8:5. This article argues that it cannot be demonstrated that ὑπόδειγμα can have the sense ‘copy’, that the idea of the temple as an anticipation of God’s eschatological dwelling with his people is present at Qumran in ways that are similar to what is found in Hebrews, and that my reading involves no awkward switch between tabernacle and temple in Hebrews 8:5. Ultimately, it can be shown that a temporal reading of ὑπόδειγμα καί σκιά in Hebrews 8:5 contributes more to its context than does a spatial reading.

Up to Date with Hebrews

Nijay Gupta has a brief blog post on some recent Hebrews commentaries. Of course, if you have been following my blog, I try to post on all new scholarly works on Hebrews. I keep a running list of new works and upcoming works (that I know about) on my "New and Forthcoming Books" page. I try to keep the last three years up. Previous years, starting with 2010, are archived. Of course there are numerous popular-level works that come out every year that I do not bother to mention.

My Article in BETL Is Finally Published!

It's been three years in coming, but my article is finally published:

Brian C. Small. “The God Who Communicates: A Study in the Characterization of God in Hebrews.” Pages 209–23 in The Letter to the Hebrews. Edited by Régis Burnet. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 335. Leuven: Peeters, 2024.

Of course the whole collection of essays is now available for purchase from Peeters. Here is the summary for the whole volume:

"The 70th Colloquium Biblicum Lovaniense was the first in the history of the colloquium to be dedicated exclusively to the Letter to the Hebrews. It indicates the growing scholarly interest in the Letter, which occupies a special place in the Pauline corpus and in the canon because of its literary sophistication and intricate and profound theology. Moving beyond the old debates about its authorship, the colloquium focused on a number of other questions, including the Letter's contextual meaning, its roots in a Jewish context, its innovative use of intertextuality, in which Scripture is used not only as divine narrative, but also as a dynamic tool for exploring and formulating new forms of theological discourse, and the political dimensions of the text playing on the contrast between imperial discourse and a vision of heavenly citizenship. In addition, one will find essays on the Letter's complex portrayal of God, its peculiar stylistic and text-critical features, the significance of the figure of Melchizedek, reflections on the balance between divine wrath and mercy, and chapters from its ancient reception history. This wide-ranging approach illustrates the Letter's historical importance in the development of earliest Christian theology and its impact on Christian theology through the ages."

 

Attridge Reviews Gause Commentary on Hebrews

Harold W. Attridge reviews R. Hollis Gause's commentary on Hebrews in the Pentecostal Commentary Series in RBL. 

The Oxford Handbook of Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles

Just published:

 

Patrick Gray, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles. Oxford Academic.

Abstract

While the Gospels, Paul’s letters, and the Book of Revelation have been well served by volumes orienting readers to the scholarly literature and to their reception histories, Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles have not received nearly the same attention. This relative neglect is in part a legacy of the Reformation in the sixteenth century. Insofar as doctrinal purity in Protestant circles was defined according to rubrics that were, implicitly or explicitly, Pauline in orientation, Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles were at an obvious disadvantage. However, these writings have had a great influence on Christianity throughout the centuries. As it turns out, the study of Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles was never truly confined to their place in fraught ecclesiastical disputes. Recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in these writings. The present volume seeks to assess the relevance of these works to various questions that are often posed to other parts of the New Testament canon, to report on the current state of scholarship devoted to the interpretive issues they raise, and to survey their rich and often overlooked afterlives. Divided into four parts—general issues, topics related to Hebrews, topics related to the Catholic Epistles, and reception and engagement—The Oxford Handbook of Hebrews and the Catholic Epistles studies these books individually as witnesses to the cultural and theological diversity of the early church but also for what they reveal about the process that would eventually produce the New Testament canon.

Click on the link above to see the contributors to this volume.

Bibel und Kirche Articles

I recently acquired an issue of Bibel und Kirche 48.4 (1993). It contains 5 articles on Hebrews that I had not previously come across while I was doing my doctoral work. I don't know how I missed it. It contains one article by Erich Grässer, which gives an overview on 8 German-language commentaries on Hebrews that appeared from 1968 to 1991. I have added the reference to the History of Research page. The issue also includes book reviews on three, at that time, recent books on Hebrews, including the first volume of Grässer's commentary. It was quite a find and I'm glad I now have the issue in my possession.

Hebrews Highlights - April & May 2024

Andrew Perriman rethinks the quotation of Psalm 102:25–27 in Hebrews 1.

Brian Abasciano answers appeals Hebrews 13:5 as a prooftext for "once saved, always saved."

B. J. Oropeza explores the question "Are those who fall away really Christians?" in his analysis of Hebrews 6:4–6.

Thanks to Eerdmans

I want to thank Eerdmans for a copy of Amy Peeler's new commentary on Hebrews. I did not solicit Eerdmans for a copy but someone initiated an order for me. Perhaps they saw my previous announcement on this blog. Anyway, thank you! I hope I will be able to review the book for this blog.

Patterns of Repetition, Structure, and Meaning in Hebrews

Michael C. Clark. Patterns of Repetition, Structure, and Meaning in the Book of Hebrews. Pickwick Publications.

 

Description: 

"While many have recognized unusual patterns of repetition within the book of Hebrews, which seem to play a range of important functions within the text, the consistency of this patterning has not been fully appreciated and its function has been largely unexamined. This study investigates the location and function of what we have termed "link clusters" within Hebrews from the perspective of discourse analysis, to gain fresh insight into the language, structure, and genre of Hebrews; into the book's relationship to the Old Testament; and into the book's authorship and meaning. This work proposes, first, that Hebrews uses repetition to establish formal connections between words and phrases marked as significant by their location and context with respect to other similarly connected words and phrases; second, that link clusters serve to structure the book of Hebrews by uniting the text into a series of overlapping, concentric, and coherent units; and, third, that link clusters also serve an important topical function, clarifying and amplifying intended meaning as pairs of matching topic sentences that respectively introduce and conclude each section and subsection of the discourse by summarizing its content."

Amy Peeler's Commentary on Hebrews

The publication date is said to be May 21 but apparently Amy's commentary is available now:

Amy Peeler. Hebrews. Commentaries for Christian Formation. Eerdmans.

Description:

"How can the Letter to the Hebrews help Christians grow in their faith?

The Letter to the Hebrews tells us that God is trustworthy—that we can trust in Jesus’s defeat of death to lead us to eternal life. Complicating this crucial message, the letter’s enigmatic origins, dense intertextuality, and complex theological import can present challenges to believers wrestling with the text today.

Amy Peeler opens up Hebrews for Christians seeking to understand God in this learned and pastoral volume of Commentaries for Christian Formation. Her fresh translation and detailed commentary offer insights into Christology, the relationship between Judaism and Christianity, and the letter’s canonical resonances. She pays special attention to how the text approaches redemption, providing consolation for the anxious and correction for the presumptuous.

Peeler explains the letter’s original context while remaining focused on its relevance to Christian communities today. Pastors and lay readers alike will learn how Hebrews helps them know, trust, and love God more deeply."